The Harmful Effects of Red Tides

â€Å"Red tide† is the common name for what scientists now prefer to call â€Å"harmful algae blooms.† Harmful algae blooms (HAB) are the sudden proliferation of one or more species of microscopic plants (algae or phytoplankton), which live in the ocean and produce neurotoxins that can cause negative and sometimes fatal effects in fish, birds, marine mammals, and even humans. There are approximately 85 species of aquatic plants that can cause harmful algae blooms. In high concentrations, some HAB species can turn the water a reddish color, which is the source of the name red tide. Other species can turn the water green, brown, or purple, while others, although highly toxic, do not discolor the water at all. Most species of algae or phytoplankton are beneficial, not harmful. They are essential elements in the foundation of the global food chain. Without them, higher life forms, including humans, would not exist and could not survive. Human Causes Red tides are caused by the rapid multiplication of dinoflagellates, a type of phytoplankton. There is no single cause of red tides or other harmful algae blooms, though abundant nourishment must be present in seawater to support the explosive growth of dinoflagellates. A common source of nutrients is water pollution. Scientists generally believe that coastal pollution from human sewage, agricultural runoff, and other sources contributes to red tides, along with rising ocean temperatures. On the Pacific coast of the United States, for example, red tide occurrences have been increasing since about 1991. Scientists have correlated the increase of Pacific red tides, and other harmful algae blooms, with a rise in ocean temperature of approximately one degree Celsius as well as increased nutrients in coastal waters from sewage and fertilizers. On the other hand, red tides and harmful algae blooms sometimes occur where there is no apparent link to human activity. Currents and Other Causes Another way nutritive materials are brought to surface waters is by powerful, deep currents along coastlines. These currents, called upwellings, come from nutrient-rich bottom layers of the ocean and bring to the surface massive amounts of deep-water minerals and other nourishing matter. It appears that wind-driven, near-coast upwelling events are more likely to bring the right types of nutrients to cause large-scale harmful blooms, while current-generated, offshore upwellings seem to lack some necessary elements. Some red tides and harmful algae blooms along the Pacific coast also have been associated with cyclical El Nià ±o weather patterns, which are influenced by global climate change. Interestingly, it appears that iron deficiencies in seawater may limit the ability of dinoflagellates to take advantage of the abundant nutrients present. The inverse of such deficiencies occurs at times in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Florida. There, large amounts of dust blown west from Africas Sahara Desert, thousands of miles away, settle on the water during rain events. This dust is believed to contain significant amounts of iron, enough reverse the waters iron deficiencies and to trigger large red tide events. Effects on Human Health Most people who become ill from exposure to the toxins in harmful algae do so by eating contaminated seafood, particularly shellfish. However, toxins from some harmful algae can also infect people by spreading through the air. The most common human health problems associated with red tides and other harmful algae blooms are various types of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and neurological disorders. The natural toxins in harmful algae can cause a variety of illnesses. Most develop rapidly after exposure occurs and are characterized by severe symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness, and headaches. Most people recover within a few days, though some illnesses linked to harmful algae blooms can be fatal. Effects on Animal Populations Most shellfish filter seawater to collect their food. As they eat, they may consume toxic phytoplankton and accumulate toxins in their flesh, eventually becoming dangerous, even deadly, to fish, birds, animals, and humans. The shellfish themselves are unaffected by the toxins. Harmful algae blooms and subsequent shellfish contamination can cause massive fish kills. The dead fish continue to be health hazards after their death because of the risk that they will be eaten by birds or marine mammals. Tourism and Fishing Red tides and other harmful algae blooms have serious economic as well as health impacts. Coastal communities that rely heavily on tourism often lose millions of dollars when dead fish wash up on beaches, tourists fall ill, or shellfish warnings are issued because of harmful algae blooms. Commercial fishing and shellfish businesses lose income when shellfish beds are closed, or harmful algae toxins contaminate their fish. Charter boat operators are also affected, receiving numerous cancellations even when the waters they typically fish are not affected by the harmful algae blooms. Economic Impacts Tourism, recreation, and other industries may be adversely affected even though they are not directly hurt by the algae. When a bloom is reported, many people grow cautious, even though most water activities are safe during red tides and other harmful algae blooms. Calculating the actual economic cost of red tides and other harmful algae blooms is difficult, and not many figures exist. One study of three harmful algae blooms that took place in the 1970s and 1980s estimated losses of $15 million to $25 million for each of the three red tides. After adjusting for inflation, economists estimate the cost of HABs to be significantly higher in today’s dollars.

American Muscle Speech Essay - 957 Words

Title: American muscle Purpose: After listening to my speech my audience will be familiar with the three American muscles of the 60’s. Thesis: Although there were many American Muscles cars created in the 60’s only three were widely recognized. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: A loud roar is heard in the distance as the driver revs his engine. Eight cylinders of Intense power with its five speed transmission. Cars that are meant to be raced and compared to each other. In an adrenaline pumping race of performance. According to Fast Muscle by Gabbard and Gabbard, â€Å"The decade began with Ford, GM, and Chrysler in an expanding cubic inch and horsepower war. C. Thesis statement: Although there were many†¦show more content†¦Mustang had a sleek design that everybody liked. It was two doors, big tire, and stripes running down the hood. As stated by the book muscle cars, â€Å"the main selling point what was under the hood it was the magnificent styling that caught America’s attention and made mustang one of the most successful first year cars ever with more than 100,000 sold.† When released it only cost 2300 dollars. III. Mustang kept on developing through the 60’s getting bigger engines and more sleek design. They made the cobra jet and Mach 1. Then the super cobra jet and the boss. And many more each one getting faster and more expensive. IIII. After all these year there is one car that is widely known it is a mustang. Transition: â€Å"rev your engine and shift into gear for GM’s company.† B. GM motor company 1. History I. The founder of GM is William Durant he started the company in September 16, 1908. GM at first was not to into the whole cars But horse pulled. They have five different production lines. 2. Camaro I. In 1966 GM finally answered back to the Mustang with their Camaro Line. II. When fist created the Camaro line had more option with their Engines. Unlike mustangs Camaro had appearance and performance. The first model of Camaro was the SS or the super sport it had a 350 cubic inch engine with 295 horse power which is about 14 more than theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical and Clinical Responsibilities of Speech-Language Pathologists1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe scope of practice of speech-language pathology describes the ethical and clinical responsibility of clinicians to implement therapy techniques, which contains efficacy that is supported by evidence. Non-speech oral-motor exercises (NSOMEs), in particular have raised controversy among speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and researchers when treating children with articulation and phonological disorders. The use of NSOMEs is a debated issue in the profession due to the lack of evidence based practiceRead MoreHcs 212 Healthcare Resources - Rehabilitation Services1318 Words   |  6 Pagesrehabilitation discipline. This means that they will see not only a licensed physi cal therapist but in many cases, an occupational and speech therapist as well. There are two main distinctions between physical therapists, orthopedic, neurological and pediatric. Orthopedic therapists work with a number of different diagnoses but the majority of their patients suffer from a muscle, joint or spinal injury. Advancements in medicine have allowed surgeons to perform joint replacement surgeries. Patients who haveRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesmultifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. 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(MechamRead MoreAnalysis Of Huntington s Disease And Its Effects On The Patients And Their Families1636 Words   |  7 Pagesfather were diagnosed with Huntington’s disease, it does affect males and females coequally with symptoms emerging during middle-age (30 to 50). The Huntington’s Society of America reveals that 1 in every 10,000 Americans has Huntington’s. It is further projected that 150,000 other Americans have a 50% possibility of acquiring Huntington’s. Surprisingly, ethnicity has substantial impact concerning risks, prevalence of Huntington’s does vary with ethnicity, people with African or Asian ethnicity have

Crystal Cave Essay Example For Students

Crystal Cave Essay People or events that appear very briefly in life may have dramatic effects onthe lives of people they touch upon. Basketball coaches from the junior highschool level often influence their athletes to take up playing basketball intheir high school career. Dying friends often compel people to conduct researchand dedicate their lives to the study of medicine. Galapas short stint withMerlin turns Merlins life around in the novel, The Crystal Cave by MaryStewart. From the beginning, Galapas was an influential figure in young Merlinslife. Galapas is an old man with a mysterious past. He possesses great knowledgeof the arts, sciences, and magic. Merlin first met him when he was wandering thecountryside with his horse, Aster. Galapas soon becomes his teacher and mentor,in spite of Merlins already having a conventional tutor. In time, he shares allof his knowledge and wisdom with Merlin. He taught me practical things,too; how to gather herbs and dry them to keep, how to use them for medicines,.. . poisons. He made me study the beasts and birds, . . . and-with the deaddeer-I learnt about the organs and bones of the body. . . The map Galapas showedme was a copy from a book by Ptolemy of Alexandria. (The Crystal Cave,Pgs. 59-60) Galapas also helps Merlin to put the meanings of his periodicvisions of the future and of events far away into action. Go? But if I goback, theyll kill me, or shut me up. . . Wont they?. . . You can no more behidden now, than your merlin could go back into its egg. (The CrystalCave, Pg. 100) At the end of Merlins adventures with Ambrosius, his father andEmperor, he returns to the Crystal Cave to seek out Galapas. Nearby the cave, ina patch of grass, Galapas bones are scattered about in the dirt. Merlin layshis bones down to rest in the proper fashion and begins to occupy the cave; justlike Galapas used to. Merlin studies and meditates in the Crystal Cave with hisservant, Cadal. My books had come form Less Britain; the great chest wasbacked against the wall of the cave, where Galapas box had been. . . I waswearing my oldest clothes, a tunic with grass stains that not even Cadal couldremove, and my mantle was burred and pulled by thorns and brambles. My sandalswere of canvas like a slaves. . . Compared even with the plainly dressed youngmen. . . I must look like a beggar. (The Crystal Cave, Pgs. 396, 400) Hebecomes older, grizzled looking, and wiser in the cave and soon becomes a mirrorimage of Galapas. Thus, Galapas still has a great impact on Merlins life evenafter his death. Therefore, Galapas short time with young Merlin took at firmgrasp on his life and helped shape it even beyond the grave. At an early age,Merlin is introduced to the fine arts and sciences and magic. Later in life,Merlin returns to find Galapas, but in turn finds Galapas in himself and becomesa facsimile of Galapas. Galapas is truly a stepping stone in the advancement ofMerlins personality.

Simple Plan †free essay sample

Simple Plan first captured our hearts with catchy pop-punk anthems sure to speak to any teenager. â€Å"Perfect† gave hope to us with parents who just didnt understand. â€Å"Id Do Anything† spoke to that one person wed do anything to get back in our lives. And of course, â€Å"Welcome to My Life† and â€Å"Im Just a Kid† perfectly describe the hardships of being a teenager. Now, the fabulous five are back with a new album and a whole new style. Simple Plans third studio album is a slight step away from their punk roots. Fans were undoubtedly shocked to hear the night club-esque beats that introduced â€Å"When Im Gone,† the first track (and first single). But even amidst the hip-hop beats and electro-rock guitar riffs, traces of Simple Plan can still be found, giving the album comfort regardless of the break from their traditional style. â€Å"When Im Gone† is followed by the fast-paced rock song â€Å"Take My Hand,† which cannot be heard without toe-tapping and head-bopping. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Plan – or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rest of the CD doesnt fail to deliver much-needed karaoke opportunities. From soft rock ballads like â€Å"I Can Wait Forever† to funky rock jams like â€Å"Generation† to familiar pop-punk territory like â€Å"Time to Say Goodbye,† the band keeps fans on their toes, changing and experimenting while remaining Simple Plan. Although the CD â€Å"Simple Plan† is not what anyone expected from these punk heroes, it will unquestionably please old fans while charming a new generation of fans as well.

Ja-sin-gam in Kimchi soup free essay sample

Raindrops falling from the eaves catch the yellow beams of the street light. As they drip onto the window frame, drops of gold scatter and sprinkle into the darkness. Drip-drop, drip-drop, drip-drop. I cautiously stretched my arm outside the window, touching the fresh and cool drops of rain. It was silent except for the rhythmic drip-drop of falling rain on my hand. But the solitude was broken, as my mother knocked on my door. â€Å"Min-Kyung, it’s time to go. Don’t forget to bring your umbrella.† It is the season when rain endlessly pours on the earth. It is also the season when my grandmother told me stories on the bamboo floor, sitting with her legs tucked beneath her and with my head in her lap. And, today is exactly eight years after I overcame from mental break after my grand mother’s death. â€Å"Min-Kyung, this year, you take care of your grandmother’s portrait until we arrive at your grandmother’s grave,† my father said. We will write a custom essay sample on Ja-sin-gam in Kimchi soup or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I held the bottom edge of a picture frame. Her portrait photograph was white-and-black, yellowish at the edge, smelling like her cheap potpourri. My grandmother was a typical Korean grandmother, who cooked a great Kim chi soup for her family’s morning meal, who sewed up the holes in her children’s clothes by hand, who loved to tell stories to her granddaughter, who always stand next for me. No one would imagine she was one of the very few Korean women who graduated from a college during the Japanese occupation. No one would imagine she was the old pharmacist offering free medicines to orphanages when everybody in my country suffered for lack of medical supplies in the 1960s. When I was seven years old, I had a fist fight with my kindergarten classmate; he mocked me because I could not do even simple addition in math. Three feet, nine inches tall, bleeding on my leg, I was filled with anger and asked my grandmother to punish my classmate for me. But my grandmother sat down gently, adjusting her eye level to my eye level. She patted my disheveled black hair and said, â€Å"Min-Kyung, try to win over yourself, not win over other people. It is important to have ja-sin-gam, a strong confidence in yourself. Do not let other people discourage you.† I could not understand her; I felt betrayed. I placed my grandmother’s portrait in front of her grave. In the wind and rain, I could smell the familiar odors of wet trees mixed with old potpourri. I cannot listen to my grandmother’s stories with my head lying in her lap on rainy days anymore. But I can still hear the rhythm of raindrops dripping on the bamboo floor. I can still smell the odor of soaked bamboo after rain. And now, at last, I can understand what she told me eleven years ago. Ja-sin-gam compels me forward.

Significance of the Court Case of Gideon v. Wainwright

Significance of the Court Case of Gideon v. Wainwright Gideon v. Wainwright was argued on January 15, 1963 and decided on March 18, 1963. Facts of Gideon v. Wainwright Clarence Earl Gideon was accused of stealing from the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, Florida on June 3, 1961. When he asked for a court appointed counsel, he was denied this because according to Florida law, court appointed counsel was only provided in the case of a capital offense. He represented himself, was found guilty, and was sent to prison for five years. Fast Facts: Gideon v. Wainwright Case Argued: Jan. 15, 1963Decision Issued: March 18, 1963Petitioner: Clarence Earl GideonRespondent: Louie L. Wainwright, Director, Division of CorrectionsKey Question: Does the Sixth Amendments right to counsel in criminal cases extend to felony defendants in state courts?Majority Decision: Justices Black, Warren, Brennan, Stewart, White, Goldberg, Clark, Harlan, DouglasDissenting: NoneRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that under the  Sixth Amendment, states must  provide an attorney to any defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys. While in prison, Gideon studied in the library and prepared a handwritten Writ of Certiorari that he sent to the United States Supreme Court claiming that he had been denied his Sixth Amendment right to an attorney: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense. (Italics Added) The Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren agreed to hear the case. They assigned Gideon a future Supreme Court justice, Abe Fortas, to be his attorney. Fortas was a prominent Washington DC attorney. He successfully argued Gideons case, and the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Gideons favor. It sent his case back to Florida to be retried with benefit  of a public attorney. Five months after the Supreme Court ruling, Gideon was retried. During the retrial, his attorney, W. Fred Turner, was able to show that the chief witness against Gideon was possibly one of the lookouts for the burglary itself. After only one hours deliberation, the jury found Gideon not guilty. This historic ruling was immortalized in 1980 when Henry Fonda took on the role of Clarence Earl Gideon in the movie Gideons Trumpet. Abe Fortas was portrayed by Josà © Ferrer and Chief Justice Earl Warren was played by John Houseman. Significance of Gideon v. Wainwright Gideon v. Wainwright overruled the previous decision of Betts v. Brady (1942). In this case, Smith Betts, a farm worker in Maryland had asked for counsel to represent him for a robbery case. Just as with Gideon, this right was denied him because the state of Maryland would not provide attorneys except in capital case. The Supreme Court decided by a 6-3 decision that a right to an appointed counsel was not required in all cases in order for an individual to receive a fair trial and due process in state trials. It was basically left up to each state to decide when it would provide public counsel. Justice Hugo Black dissented and wrote the opinion that if you were indigent you had an increased chance of conviction. In Gideon, the court stated that the right to an attorney was a fundamental right ​for a fair trial. They stated that due to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, all states would be required to provide counsel in criminal cases. This significant case created the need for additional public defenders. Programs were developed in states around the country to help recruit and train public defenders. Today, the number of cases defended by public defenders is huge. For example, in 2011 in Miami Dade County, the largest of the 20 Florida Circuit Courts, approximately 100,000 cases were assigned to Public Defenders.

Research Methdologies and Emerging Technologies Assignment

Research Methdologies and Emerging Technologies - Assignment Example The products and services provided by Google are spread all over and are in use by the common internet users. The project idea is termed as a wearable computing innovation by Google Inc. The product is also termed as Head Mounted Display (H.M.D). The new buzz word that has people stunned is the Google glasses. Only this year Google Inc launched the project in the name of â€Å"Project Glass† that is based on a state of the art facilitated concept in the field of virtualization. It is another step towards the already fast growing concept of virtualization. With cloud computing and virtual networks dominating the field of science and technology, the virtual glasses concept will further enhance the field of upcoming technology. People have seen the ordinary 3D glasses and other similar products but Google is focusing on bringing about total new dimensions in this field. The project is aimed at going commercial and officially public as soon as the current year and is expected to c apture large market of customers who use gadgets and other digital equipment in their daily life to a larger extent. This product is a venture of Google X laboratories which is responsible for number of other similar innovative products. The purpose of this laboratory is to come up with such innovative products and benefit the company through its competitive advantage attribute (PatentBolt, 2012). While some term this product as an aliens like instrument and others call them Star Trek sort of glasses, but these glasses are a reality and are just a few months or at most an year away from the public domain. Massive research and development input has been invested into this project and the pioneers behind the Google map and mapping applications have contributed towards this product through their ideas and expertise. One of the person who is at forefront of entire concept is Steve Lee. The product is created in a very crafty manner and instead of covering the whole face, a slim thin lin e runs through the forehead like a thin copper wire with a small screen attached to one side of the forehead . Through the use of voice instructions, the person using the device can perform number of built in instructions namely photo shoot, geological location determination, and various other features. Other features that are supposedly chained to this product include 3G and 4G connection support, though no official word has been heard from the company itself, instead the insiders who are working on this project and have been part of the pilot tests conducted time to time keep coming with information about its specifications(Bilton, 2012). While the early model is said to have a low resolution camera, it won’t go without a consideration that later models will have further enhanced digital capabilities. A small feature that is being explained for the novice states that anyone who desires to take a picture of something that is in front of them ,would not need to bring out the mobile phones, or other digital photography associated gadget, rather through these glasses, they can capture the scene since it is built in with a camera. These glasses might look odd in the beginning but the real end users who are wearing it will have the real taste of this gadget and will be fully absorbed in the digital world. The main theme behind the entire project is to reduce the dependency on the windows based application that